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Mizrahi Hebrew or Eastern Hebrew refers to any of the pronunciation systems for Biblical Hebrew used liturgically by Mizrahi Jews, that is, Jews originating in Arab countries or further east, and with a background of Arabic, Persian, or other languages of the Middle East and Asia. As such, Mizrahi Hebrew is actually a blanket term for many dialects. Sephardi Hebrew is not considered one of these, although it has been spoken in the Middle East and North Africa. The Sephardim were expellees from Spain, and settled among the Mizrahim, but in countries such as Syria and Morocco there was a fairly high degree of convergence between the Sephardi and the local pronunciations of Hebrew. Yemenite Hebrew is also considered quite separate, as it has a wholly different system for the pronunciation of the vowels. The same terms are sometimes used for the pronunciation of modern Israeli Hebrew by Jews of Arab or other Mizrahi origins. This is generally a compromise between standard Israeli Hebrew and the traditional liturgical pronunciation as described in this article. ==Features== The following features are generally found in the pronunciation of Jews from Arabic-speaking countries, and the variations tend to follow the Arabic dialect of the country in question. *The stress tends to fall on the last syllable wherever this is the case in Biblical Hebrew * (''Aleph'') is pronounced with a clear glottal stop , except when used as a mater lectionis * (''Bet'' without ''dagesh'') is pronounced in some countries (e.g. Iraq), and (voiced labiodental fricative) in others (e.g. Morocco)〔The presumably reflects the influence of Arabic, where there is no . The pronunciation may reflect the influence of Sephardic immigrants from and after 1492, as it is also found in the pronunciation of Ottoman Sephardim (though not all Sephardim: see Sephardi Hebrew). The pronunciation before 1492, both in Spain and in Arabic-speaking countries, is unclear.〕 * (''Gimel'' without ''dagesh'') is pronounced (voiced velar fricative) like Arabic غ * (''Dalet'' without ''dagesh'') is normally pronounced , but occasionally (e.g. in the Iraqi pronunciation of the word ''adonai'') , like Arabic ذ (voiced dental fricative) * (''Vav'') is pronounced in some countries and in others (e.g. Iraq) * (''Ḥet'') is pronounced , like Arabic ح (voiceless pharyngeal fricative) * (''Tet'') is pronounced , like Arabic ط (voiceless pharyngealized alveolar stop) * (''Kaph'') is pronounced , (voiceless velar fricative) * (''Ayin'') is pronounced , like Arabic ع (voiced pharyngeal fricative) * (''Tsadi'') is pronounced , like Arabic ص (voiceless pharyngealized alveolar fricative) * (''Qof'') is usually pronounced like Arabic ق (voiceless uvular stop) but other sounds occur, such as , or (glottal stop). * (''Resh'') is usually trilled . Baghdadi Jews pronounced it as a uvular , close to Arabic غ 〔The Jews of Baghdad traditionally used the uvular sound in Judaeo-Arabic. This peculiarity is centuries old: old manuscript translations of the Bible into Iraqi Judaeo-Arabic often confuse ''ra'' with ''ghayn'', though this is not found in translations into other dialects. Avishur, ''Studies in Judaeo-Arabic Translations of the Bible''. This is not generally reflected in the Hebrew pronunciation of the Baghdadi Jewish diaspora.〕 * (''Tav'' without ''dagesh'') is pronounced in some countries, and , like Arabic ث (voiceless dental fricative) in others (e.g. Iraq)〔This difference usually follows differences in the local dialect of Arabic: however, Sephardim too are divided on the pronunciation of this letter, though predominates.〕 *Vowels generally have the same sounds as in Sephardi Hebrew: that is * *Tsere is pronounced * *Holam is pronounced * *Kamatz gadol is pronounced The pronunciation of Mizrahi Jews from non-Arab countries differs in some respects. For example, among Persian Jews distinctively Arabic sounds such as ح and ط do not occur, and Kamatz gadol is backed to like the long ''a'' in Persian. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mizrahi Hebrew」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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